SPACE ELEVATOR

Have you ever wondered a large rope reaching from the surface of the Earth to distant Space ???completely insane right ?? ok check this one, what if a rope from the surface of earth to space do exist and an elevator carrying payloads and men ascents on it?? hmmmm...do u think its a science fiction....well check it out then... 

SPACE ELEVATOR:

A climber or an elevator ascend a ribbon or a rope, 100,000 km long, strung between an anchor on Earth and a counterweight in space. Connecting Earth and space in a way never before possible, the space elevator will enable us to inexpensively and completely expand our society into space.

The biggest drain of energy takes place when a vehicle or a rocket blasts off, pushing through Earth’s

gravitational pull.It requires great amounts of fuel, but once it get out of our atmosphere, the rest is easy.If you could cut out that blast off portion, space travel would be easier and much more fuel-efficient.

In a Space Elevator scenario, an elevator would ascend up the side of an exceedingly tall structure and reach a transfer point where they would then board a craft to the Moon, Mars, or any other distant destination.

A space elevator made of a carbon nanotubes composite ribbon(rope) anchored to an offshore sea platform would stretch to a small counterweight approximately 62,000 miles (100,000 km) into space. Mechanical lifters attached to the ribbon would then climb the ribbon, carrying cargo and humans into space, at a price of only about $100 to $400 per pound ($220 to $880 per kg).

Space elevator would consist a counterweight  attached at other end.The counter weight is generally past the geosynchronous orbit of earth.

For the construction of space elevator the following building units are important:

·         Base Station

·         Cable

·         Lifter

·         Counter Weight

·         Power Beam

BASE STATION: The base station designs typically fall into two categories—mobile and stationary. Mobile stations are typically large oceangoing vessels, though airborne stations have

been proposed as well. Stationary platforms would generally be located in high-altitude locations, such as on top of mountains, or even potentially on high towers.

Mobile platforms have the advantage of being able to maneuver to avoid high winds, storms, and space debris. While stationary platforms don't have these advantages, they typically would have access to cheaper and more reliable power sources, and require a shorter cable.

HOPE THERE TRAIL BRINGS SPACE ELEVATOR INTO REALITY WHICH THEY HAVE ALMOST ACHIEVED.....

SPACE ELEVATOR- A bridge between Earth and Space.....

SPACE ELEVATOR RIBBON OR CABLE:

As stated earlier the material for cable or rope or ribbon is carbon nanotube.

Carbon nanotubes have a potential to be 100 times stronger than steel and are as flexible as plastic. The strength of carbon nanotubes comes from their unique structure which resembles like a football.

LIFTER OR CLIMBER:

A climber is generally a robotic lifter which ascends on a stationary rope. In an ordinary elevator lifter is stationary and rope moves through pulleys. But in case of space elevator rope is stationary and lifter ascends by powering it up by powerind beam.





THE STUN GUN

WHAT IS A STUN GUN?

A stun gun is a non-lethal weapon that discharges a high voltage low-amperage shock, which will immobilize an attacker for several minutes without doing any lasting harm. Stun guns are considered reasonable force to resist attacks, are legal in most states, and can be carried concealed or unconcealed, without a license.
A stun gun does not shoot anything. Instead it looks similar to a portable phone, with two prongs protruding at one end(as shown in the adjacent figure). Touching a person with the prongs on the stun gun quickly immobilizes the attacker. However, because the amperage is very low, no serious or permanent injury is inflicted.

How does a stun gun stop an attacker?

Stun guns are designed to key into the muscular and neural systems, rather than relying on pain. They dump their energy into the muscles at a different frequency than the pulse waves emanating from the brain. The pulse waves coming from the brain and those from the stun gun collide at the nerve synapse' which is a type of complex processing switch adjacent to each muscle group. The resulting energy collision or discharge over-stimulates the  muscles causing them to work extremely hard and fast, but inefficiently, resulting in loss of balance and control. The stimulation of the muscles depletes the  blood sugar by converting it to lactic acid. Without blood sugar, the muscles have no energy to function, rendering the attacker immobile. This biological domino effect occurs within seconds of being stunned and makes it difficult for an attacker to move and function. This causes disorientation and loss of balance and leaves the attacker in a passive and confused condition for several minutes. Still, stun guns have no significant effect on the heart and other organs.

How long does it take to immobilize someone with a stun gun?

.The length of time a stun gun stays in contact with the attacker determines what kind of affect the gun produces. A contact time of 1/2 second will get an attacker's attention and cause some discomfort and muscle contractions. Contact time of 1-2 seconds will daze the assailant and produce muscle spasms, while 1-5 seconds delivers the maximum benefit of total loss of muscle control and balance. Recovery time will be several minutes.

BERMUDA TRIANGLE:An unsolved mystery.............

What is Bermuda Triangle?


Bermuda triangle is the area between Bermuda, Florida and Puerto Rico which resembles an exact triangle.Bermuda triangle is also called "Devil Sea".It is located in The Sargasso sea.
A sketch of Bermuda triangle is given below.....

What made Bermuda triangle so famous???

Scores of ships and planes are said to have vanished without trace over the decades in a vast triangular area of ocean with imaginary points in Bermuda, Florida and Puerto Rico which made it to gain everyone's attention.A list of flights and ships that have been vanished over the triangle is given below..

Lost Planes in Bermuda Triangle 

FLIGHT 19: The Avenger planes of Flight 19 never returned to the U.S. Naval Base. They just simply disappeared into the oblivion. Was that the truth? 

Tudor Star Tiger Aircraft Mystery: Star Tiger, a Tudor Mark-IV aircraft disappeared in Bermuda Triangle shortly before it was about to land at the Bermuda airport. 

PBM Martin Mariner - The search plane: When the hopes for Flight-19 was quickly fading, two Martin Mariner planes were sent by US Navy for search operations. One came back, but the other didn't. Read the full story. 

Fight DC-3 Disappearance: The flight DC-3 NC16002 disappeared when it was only 50 miles south of Florida and about to land in Miami. 

Flight 441 Disappearance: The flight 441, a Super Constellation Naval Airliner, disappeared in Bermuda Triangle in October 1954 

C-54 Skymaster: Apparently it would seem to be a sudden thunderstorm that would have disintegrated the C-54 plane. But there was much more to the story. 

Lost Ships in Bermuda Triangle 

Mary Celeste - The Ghost Ship: Known as one of the ghost ships of Bermuda Triangle, Mary Celeste had many misadventures even before her mystery voyage in 1872. 

Marine Sulphur Queen: This 524-foot carrier of molten sulphur started sail on Feb 2, 1963 from Beaumont, Texas with 39 crew. It was reported lost in Florida Straits on February 4. 

Ellen Austin - a multi masted ship: The Ellen Austin, an American schooner, met with another ship in Bermuda Triangle. The other ship that was moving in full speed, strangely had nobody on board. 

USS Cyclops - The carrier ship:  

Disappearance of the ship U.S.S. Cyclops in Bermuda Triangle has been one of the greatest mysteries of the sea.

USS Scorpion - The USN Submarine: USS Scorpion (SSN-589) was a Nuclear powered submarine of United States Navy that disappeared in Bermuda Triangle area in May 1968. 

Witchcraft- Witchcraft, a 23-foot cabin cruiser went missing for ever in Bermuda Triangle area on the night of December 22, 1967. The owner took it offshore only to watch the lights of Miami shoreline. 

HAVE U EVER WONDERED Y DE DEPLETION OF OZONE LAYER IS TAKING PLACE ONLY IN THE ANTARCTIC???

NO???
WELL....HERE'S DE REASON....
firstly let us find out de surface chemistry takin place xactly in the formation and depletion of ozone..
Ozone depletion describes two distinct, but related observations: a slow, steady decline of about 4% per decade in the total volume of ozone in Earth's stratosphere (the ozone layer) since the late 1970s, and a much larger, but seasonal, decrease in stratospheric ozone over Earth's polar regions during the same period. The latter phenomenon is commonly referred to as the ozone hole. In addition to this well-known stratospheric ozone depletion, there are also tropospheric ozone depletion events, which occur near the surface in polar regions during spring.
The detailed mechanism by which the polar ozone holes form is different from that for the mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both trends is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic chlorine and bromine.^[1] The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) compounds, commonly called freons, and of bromofluorocarbon compounds known as halons. These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.^[2] Both ozone depletion mechanisms strengthened as emissions of CFCs and halons increased.

Image of the largest Antarctic ozone hole ever recorded (September 2006).

In the figure above,the purple n blue coloured portion refers to region where dere is least amount of ozone which result in large amount of UV rays to transpire through de region...
green,yellow n red portions refer to regions where dere is more ozone,diz does'nt allow ozone transpires through de region...
The ozone hole of 2006 is the most severe ozone hole (ozone hole was the largest ever observed,11.4 million square miles (29.5 million square kilometres)) observed to date. NASA's Aura satellite observed a low value of 85 Dobson Units (DU) on Oct. 8 in a region over the East Antarctic ice sheet. Dobson Units are a measure of ozone amounts above a fixed point in the atmosphere.
NOW...
for understandin de surface chemistry in de formation n depletion of ozone it is neccessary to understand de layers different layers of earth's surface,namely
1)Troposphere
2)Stratosphere and
3)Ionosphere or Mesosphere.